Thomas Peyrat publishes two new advances in applied probability


Thomas Peyrat, PhD student at CREST-GENES and at Exiom Partners, in Finance-Insurance, has just reached a major milestone in his doctoral journey with the publication of his first paper in ESAIM: Probability and Statistics, as well as the release of a new working paper.

These two works, conducted in collaboration with his advisors Caroline Hillairet (ENSAE Paris – CREST) and Anthony Réveillac (INSA Toulouse – Toulouse Mathematics Institute), are part of his PhD carried out in partnership with Exiom Partners, a consulting firm actively involved in applied research.

🔹 A new Clark–Ocone formula for Poisson functionals
The first paper, titled A non-compensated Clark–Ocone formula for Poisson functionals, develops a decomposition formula for integrable Poisson functionals. This non-compensated version offers several technical advantages compared to the classical compensated approach, paving the way for new potential applications.
👉 Read the article in ESAIM: Probability and Statistics

🔹 Multivariate self-exciting processes with dependencies
The second work, currently available as a preprint, introduces a new class of multivariate self-exciting processes capable of modeling dependencies between event intensities and values. This modeling framework is particularly promising in insurance applications, for instance to capture links between claim frequency and severity.
👉 Read the preprint

We warmly congratulate Thomas for these important contributions, which highlight the strength of collaboration between academic research and industry, as well as the quality of doctoral training at CREST.

Beyond the PhD – CREST Series #3: Insights from PhD Supervisors


At CREST, we aim to showcase the diverse career trajectories and perspectives of researchers who have navigated the path beyond their PhD. The “Beyond the PhD” series provides an opportunity to hear directly from experts across different fields about their experiences, challenges, and insights on life as a researcher.

For this third installment, we are featuring four distinguished researchers: Benoit Schmutz (Ecole polytechnique, IP Paris), Caroline Hillairet (GENES, ENSAE Paris, IP Paris), Paola Tubaro (CNRS, ENSAE Paris, IP Paris), and Nicolas Chopin (GENES, ENSAE Paris, IP Paris). Each of them shares their thoughts on the PhD journey, its impact on their careers, and the broader role of research in society.

Why pursue a PhD at CREST?

A PhD is much more than just academic training—it’s about developing a mindset that allows you to explore complex questions, think critically, and push the boundaries of knowledge. Our researchers highlight three key aspects that define the PhD experience at CREST:

🔹 An Environment for Intellectual Growth – A PhD is a journey of constant learning. You will develop a structured way of thinking, gain expertise in your field, and learn how to navigate uncertainty in research.

🔹 Opportunities for Interdisciplinary Work – At CREST, you will interact with researchers across economics, sociology, finance, and statistics, allowing for a dynamic and stimulating research experience.

🔹 A Supportive and Collaborative Research Culture – While research can be challenging, you will not be alone. Engaging with peers, supervisors, and the broader academic community is essential, and at CREST, we value collaboration as much as independence.

Watch the introduction to this series below.

Meet the Researchers

Each researcher featured in this edition brings a unique perspective on the PhD experience and beyond.

Benoit SchmutzFrom PhD to Applied Economics

Benoit discusses how a PhD equips students with essential analytical skills, particularly in understanding labor markets and urban economics. He emphasizes the importance of rigor and adaptability in research.

🎥 Watch Benoit’s insights

Caroline HillairetMathematics, Finance, and Research Opportunities

Caroline shares her journey from mathematics to finance, highlighting how a PhD opens doors to interdisciplinary research and the application of theoretical models to real-world problems.

🎥 Watch Caroline’s insights

Paola TubaroNetworks, Society, and the Role of Research

Paola discusses how her research in computational social sciences evolved, emphasizing the collaborative nature of research and the impact of digital transformations on society.

🎥 Watch Paola’s insights

Nicolas ChopinThe Art of Asking the Right Questions

Nicolas talks about the role of uncertainty in research, how a PhD teaches resilience, and the impact of Bayesian statistics in various domains, including machine learning.

🎥 Watch Nicolas’s insights

Advice for Future PhD Students

If you are considering applying for a PhD at CREST, here are a few key takeaways from our researchers:

✅ Stay curious – Research is about exploration, so embrace new ideas and unexpected results.
✅ Engage with the academic community – Attend conferences, collaborate with other researchers, and actively participate in lab activities.
✅ Be patient and persistent – Progress in research takes time. Learning how to overcome obstacles is part of the PhD experience.
✅ Think beyond the thesis – Your PhD is not just about writing a dissertation; it’s about developing a way of thinking that will shape your career.

Check out our two previous series of Beyond the PhD on the CREST YouTube Channel:

Beyond the PhD – Series 1 – a video centered on the International Job Market from Economics PhD students.

Beyond the PhD – Series 2 – a series of videos from our PhD students on the definition of what is a PhD.

Peter Tankov’s Lecture at the IMF: The Financial and Environmental Impacts of Green Investing


Bridging Theory and Practice in Sustainable Finance

Last week, Peter Tankov, professor of quantitative finance at CREST-ENSAE Paris, delivered a six-hour class at the International Monetary Fund (IMF) Institute for Capacity Development. The training, aimed at economists working in various departments of the IMF, explored the financial and environmental impacts of green investing, a topic that is increasingly central to global economic policies.

Tankov’s session addressed both the theoretical foundations and practical applications of sustainable investment strategies, emphasizing their dual role in shaping financial markets and environmental outcomes.

Understanding Green Investing: Financial and Environmental Implications

The class was structured around two core dimensions:

  1. Financial Impact of Green Investing

Tankov analyzed how the increasing participation of green investors influences asset pricing and portfolio returns. The discussion covered key topics such as:

  • The differential returns between green and brown assets
  • ESG rating uncertainty and its influence on investment decisions
  • The potential for green bubbles, where speculative enthusiasm drives asset prices beyond fundamentals
  • The role of transition risks, particularly as regulatory frameworks evolve
  1. Environmental Impact of Green Investing

Beyond financial metrics, the session explored the real-world environmental effects of sustainable investments. Topics included:

  • The mechanisms of impact investing—how investors can generate measurable environmental benefits alongside financial returns
  • The effectiveness of shareholder engagement in influencing corporate sustainability practices
  • How price signaling affects both the cost of capital for firms and their environmental performance

The reasons and consequences of the recent ESG backlash, which originated in the US but may spill over to Europe, were also discussed.

As a key economic policy advisor to governments and central banks worldwide, the IMF is well aware of the importance of accounting for climate risks—both those arising from the physical impacts of climate change and those resulting from the profound economic transformations it triggers, including the shift towards greener investment processes. Academic collaborations such as this one enable the IMF to further develop its in-house expertise on these critical issues.

These are challenging times for the practice of green investing, but from a research perspective, the past five years have been pivotal. We now have a much deeper understanding of its mechanics and impact—not just empirically but also through theoretical models. As governments relax reporting obligations and financial institutions engage in green-hushing, the role of academia and NGOs in driving progress has never been more crucial.

Welcome to the New Researchers Joining CREST in 2025


CREST is excited to welcome three new researchers who arrived in January 2025. Each brings unique expertise and a strong academic background, further strengthening our multidisciplinary research environment.

Jean-François Chassagneux

Position: Full Professor in Mathematics (ENSAE Paris)
Research Interests: : Mathematical finance & numerical probability: partial hedging and non-linear pricing, quantitative methods for transition risks and carbon markets, switching problems and reflected BSDEs, numerical methods for mean-field systems.
Previous Position: Full Professor in Applied Mathematics, Université Paris Cité & LPSM
Learn More: Jean-François Chassagneux’s personal webpage

Javier Gonzalez-Delgado

Position: Assistant Professor in Statistics (ENSAI)
Research Interests: Selective inference, hypothesis testing, clustering, and statistical methods for real-world problems in biology, particularly structural biology and genetics.
Previous Position: Postdoctoral researcher, Human Genetics, McGill University
Learn More: Javier Gonzalez-Delgado’s personal webpage

“After a period away from here, I am looking forward to reconnect with the French research community and develop new connections with scientists at CREST!”

Mohammadreza Mousavi Kalan

Position: Assistant Professor in Statistics (ENSAI)
Research Interests: Statistical machine learning, Transfer learning, Domain adaptation, Outlier detection, Optimization Theory, Distrusted Computing.
Previous Position: Postdoctoral researcher, Columbia University

“I am excited to join CREST as an Assistant Professor. CREST’s excellent research reputation makes it the perfect place to continue my academic journey. With renowned researchers at CREST, this opens up amazing opportunities for meaningful collaborations that will let me contribute to and grow with this vibrant community. I look forward to impactful research and close collaboration with such inspiring colleagues.”

We are delighted to welcome Jean-François, Javier, and Mohammadreza to the CREST. Their expertise and dedication to advancing research will undoubtedly contribute to the lab’s excellence. Stay tuned for updates on their research and collaborations!

2024 CREST Highlights


As 2024 draws to a close, CREST reflects on a year filled with groundbreaking research, prestigious awards, and impactful initiatives. Here’s a look back at our key achievements.

📊 Research Breakthroughs: 93 Articles Published

CREST published 93 articles so far, with 62% appearing in Q1 journals. These works reflect the breadth and depth of research conducted across CREST’s clusters. Here are some highlights:

Information Technology and Returns to Scale by Danial Lashkari, Arthur Bauer, and Jocely Boussard explores how technological advancements influence economies of scale, shedding light on contemporary production practices, in American Economic Review

Locus of Control and the Preference for Agency by Marco Caliendo, Deborah Cobb-Clark, Juliana Silva-Goncalves, and Arne Uhlendorff investigates how personal traits shape individuals’ economic decisions, providing a deeper understanding of agency in economic behavior, in European Economic Review.

Global Mobile Inventors by Dany Bahar, Prithwiraj Choudhury, Ernest Miguelez, and Sara Signorelli examines the migration patterns of innovative talent worldwide, offering new perspectives on innovation dynamics, in Journal of Development Economics.

Testing and Relaxing the Exclusion Restriction in the Control Function Approach by Xavier D’Haultfoeuille, Stefan Hordelein, and Yuya Sasaki provides advanced methodologies to enhance econometric analysis, in Journal of Econometrics.

Are Economists’ Preferences Psychologists’ Personality Traits? A Structural Approach by Tomas Jagelka bridges economics and psychology, exploring how personality traits influence economic preferences, in Journal of Political Economy.

Autoregressive Conditional Betas by Francisco Blasques, Christian Francq, and Sébastien Laurent provides innovative methods to measure financial risk, critical for investment strategies, in Journal of Econometrics.

Model-based vs. Agnostic Methods for the Prediction of Time-Varying Covariance Matrices by Jean-David Fermanian, Benjamin Poignard, and Panos Xidonas compares methodologies for improving financial predictions under uncertainty, in Annals of Operations Research.

Corporate Debt Value Under Transition Scenario Uncertainty by Theo Le Guedenal and Peter Tankov addresses the valuation of corporate debt amid environmental and regulatory changes, in Mathematical Finance.

Semiparametric Copula Models Applied to the Decomposition of Claim Amounts by Sébastien Farkas and Olivier Lopez develops new actuarial techniques to better understand insurance claims, in Scandinavian Actuarial Journal.

On the Chaotic Expansion for Counting Processes by Caroline Hillairet and Anthony Réveillac advances mathematical models with applications in finance and beyond, in Electronic Journal of Probability.

Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine and Perceived Intergenerational Mobility in Europe by Alexi Gugushvili and Patrick Präg examines how geopolitical shocks affect societal perceptions and mobility, in British Journal of Sociology.

The Total Effect of Social Origins on Educational Attainment: Meta-analysis of Sibling Correlations From 18 Countries by Lewis R. Anderson, Patrick Präg, Evelina T. Akimova, and Christiaan Monden provides a meta-analysis of sibling correlations, offering fresh insights into education and inequality, in Demography.

Context Matters When Evacuating Large Cities: Shifting the Focus from Individual Characteristics to Location and Social Vulnerability by Samuel Rufat, Emeline Comby, Serge Lhomme, and Victor Santoni shifts the focus from individual characteristics to social vulnerabilities during urban evacuations, in Environmental Science and Policy.

Gender Equality for Whom? The Changing College Education Gradients of the Division of Paid Work and Housework Among US Couples, 1968-2019 by Léa Pessin explores shifting dynamics in gendered divisions of labor among U.S. couples over the decades, in Social Forces.

The Augmented Social Scientist: Using Sequential Transfer Learning to Annotate Millions of Texts with Human-Level Accuracy by Salomé Do, Etienne Ollion, and Rubing Shen highlights how AI tools can assist in large-scale sociological research with human-level accuracy, in Sociological Methods and Research.

Investigating Swimming Technical Skills by a Double Partition Clustering of Multivariate Functional Data Allowing for Dimension Selection, by Antoine Bouvet, Salima El Kolei, Matthieu Marbac, in Annals of Applied Statistics.

Full-model estimation for non-parametric multivariate finite mixture models, by Marie Du Roy de Chaumaray, Matthieu Marbac, in Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B: Statistical Methodology

Tail Inverse Regression: Dimension Reduction for Prediction of Extremes, by Anass Aghbalou, François Portier, Anne Sabourin, Chen Zhou, in Bernoulli.

Proxy-analysis of the genetics of cognitive decline in Parkinson’s disease through polygenic scores, by Johann Faouzi, Manuela Tan, Fanny Casse, Suzanne Lesage, Christelle Tesson, Alexis Brice, Graziella Mangone, Louise-Laure Mariani, Hirotaka Iwaki, Olivier Colliot, Lasse Pihlstrom, Jean-Christophe Corvol, in NPJ Parkinson’s Disease.

Benign Overfitting and Adaptive Nonparametric Regression, by Julien Chhor, Suzanne Sigalla, Alexandre Tsybakov, in Probability Theory and Related Fields.

🎯 Discover more CREST publications on our HAL webpage.

🌍 Impactful Events and Conferences

CREST actively participated in and hosted events that fostered collaboration and knowledge exchange:

📅 Join future events: Visit our calendar.

2024 brought two new chairs at CREST:

  • Cyclomob by Marion Leroutier highlights research into sustainable urban mobility, funded through a regional chair.
  • Impact Investing Chair by Olivier-David Zerbib to maximize the positive impact of the investment on the environment and society.

🏆 Awards and Recognitions

📚 Books and Projects

This year, CREST researchers authored several impactful books:

2024 was also marked by the second series of the Beyond  the PhD series, a series of videos dedicated to the PhD course. In 2024, we were able to explore the evolution of the PhD definition through students currently in different years of their studies in all CREST research clusters.

📣 Media and Outreach

CREST researchers were featured in:

  • 80+ media outlets, including Le Monde, Le Nouvel Obs, Les Échos, University World News, BBC News Brazil, France Culture, Libération, Le Cercles des Économistes, Médiapart, AOC…
  • 30+ op-eds and articles, shaping public discourse.

🎙️ Featured Interview: Pauline Rossi discusses economic inequalities in Le Cercle des Économistes. Listen here.

CREST celebrates a year of remarkable achievements and meaningful contributions to research, society, and global conversations. From groundbreaking publications to prestigious awards and impactful events, our community has continued to push boundaries and inspire innovation.

Looking ahead to 2025, we remain committed to fostering interdisciplinary research, addressing societal challenges, and nurturing a collaborative environment for researchers and students.

2024 CREST Highlights


As 2024 draws to a close, CREST reflects on a year filled with groundbreaking research, prestigious awards, and impactful initiatives. Here’s a look back at our key achievements.

📊 Research Breakthroughs: 93 Articles Published

CREST published 93 articles so far, with 62% appearing in Q1 journals. These works reflect the breadth and depth of research conducted across CREST’s clusters. Here are some highlights:

Information Technology and Returns to Scale by Danial Lashkari, Arthur Bauer, and Jocely Boussard explores how technological advancements influence economies of scale, shedding light on contemporary production practices, in American Economic Review

Locus of Control and the Preference for Agency by Marco Caliendo, Deborah Cobb-Clark, Juliana Silva-Goncalves, and Arne Uhlendorff investigates how personal traits shape individuals’ economic decisions, providing a deeper understanding of agency in economic behavior, in European Economic Review.

Global Mobile Inventors by Dany Bahar, Prithwiraj Choudhury, Ernest Miguelez, and Sara Signorelli examines the migration patterns of innovative talent worldwide, offering new perspectives on innovation dynamics, in Journal of Development Economics.

Testing and Relaxing the Exclusion Restriction in the Control Function Approach by Xavier D’Haultfoeuille, Stefan Hordelein, and Yuya Sasaki provides advanced methodologies to enhance econometric analysis, in Journal of Econometrics.

Are Economists’ Preferences Psychologists’ Personality Traits? A Structural Approach by Tomas Jagelka bridges economics and psychology, exploring how personality traits influence economic preferences, in Journal of Political Economy.

Autoregressive Conditional Betas by Francisco Blasques, Christian Francq, and Sébastien Laurent provides innovative methods to measure financial risk, critical for investment strategies, in Journal of Econometrics.

Model-based vs. Agnostic Methods for the Prediction of Time-Varying Covariance Matrices by Jean-David Fermanian, Benjamin Poignard, and Panos Xidonas compares methodologies for improving financial predictions under uncertainty, in Annals of Operations Research.

Corporate Debt Value Under Transition Scenario Uncertainty by Theo Le Guedenal and Peter Tankov addresses the valuation of corporate debt amid environmental and regulatory changes, in Mathematical Finance.

Semiparametric Copula Models Applied to the Decomposition of Claim Amounts by Sébastien Farkas and Olivier Lopez develops new actuarial techniques to better understand insurance claims, in Scandinavian Actuarial Journal.

On the Chaotic Expansion for Counting Processes by Caroline Hillairet and Anthony Réveillac advances mathematical models with applications in finance and beyond, in Electronic Journal of Probability.

Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine and Perceived Intergenerational Mobility in Europe by Alexi Gugushvili and Patrick Präg examines how geopolitical shocks affect societal perceptions and mobility, in British Journal of Sociology.

The Total Effect of Social Origins on Educational Attainment: Meta-analysis of Sibling Correlations From 18 Countries by Lewis R. Anderson, Patrick Präg, Evelina T. Akimova, and Christiaan Monden provides a meta-analysis of sibling correlations, offering fresh insights into education and inequality, in Demography.

Context Matters When Evacuating Large Cities: Shifting the Focus from Individual Characteristics to Location and Social Vulnerability by Samuel Rufat, Emeline Comby, Serge Lhomme, and Victor Santoni shifts the focus from individual characteristics to social vulnerabilities during urban evacuations, in Environmental Science and Policy.

Gender Equality for Whom? The Changing College Education Gradients of the Division of Paid Work and Housework Among US Couples, 1968-2019 by Léa Pessin explores shifting dynamics in gendered divisions of labor among U.S. couples over the decades, in Social Forces.

The Augmented Social Scientist: Using Sequential Transfer Learning to Annotate Millions of Texts with Human-Level Accuracy by Salomé Do, Etienne Ollion, and Rubing Shen highlights how AI tools can assist in large-scale sociological research with human-level accuracy, in Sociological Methods and Research.

Investigating Swimming Technical Skills by a Double Partition Clustering of Multivariate Functional Data Allowing for Dimension Selection, by Antoine Bouvet, Salima El Kolei, Matthieu Marbac, in Annals of Applied Statistics.

Full-model estimation for non-parametric multivariate finite mixture models, by Marie Du Roy de Chaumaray, Matthieu Marbac, in Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B: Statistical Methodology

Tail Inverse Regression: Dimension Reduction for Prediction of Extremes, by Anass Aghbalou, François Portier, Anne Sabourin, Chen Zhou, in Bernoulli.

Proxy-analysis of the genetics of cognitive decline in Parkinson’s disease through polygenic scores, by Johann Faouzi, Manuela Tan, Fanny Casse, Suzanne Lesage, Christelle Tesson, Alexis Brice, Graziella Mangone, Louise-Laure Mariani, Hirotaka Iwaki, Olivier Colliot, Lasse Pihlstrom, Jean-Christophe Corvol, in NPJ Parkinson’s Disease.

Benign Overfitting and Adaptive Nonparametric Regression, by Julien Chhor, Suzanne Sigalla, Alexandre Tsybakov, in Probability Theory and Related Fields.

🎯 Discover more CREST publications on our HAL webpage.

🌍 Impactful Events and Conferences

CREST actively participated in and hosted events that fostered collaboration and knowledge exchange:

📅 Join future events: Visit our calendar.

2024 brought two new chairs at CREST:

  • Cyclomob by Marion Leroutier highlights research into sustainable urban mobility, funded through a regional chair.
  • Impact Investing Chair by Olivier-David Zerbib to maximize the positive impact of the investment on the environment and society.

🏆 Awards and Recognitions

📚 Books and Projects

This year, CREST researchers authored several impactful books:

2024 was also marked by the second series of the Beyond  the PhD series, a series of videos dedicated to the PhD course. In 2024, we were able to explore the evolution of the PhD definition through students currently in different years of their studies in all CREST research clusters.

📣 Media and Outreach

CREST researchers were featured in:

  • 80+ media outlets, including Le Monde, Le Nouvel Obs, Les Échos, University World News, BBC News Brazil, France Culture, Libération, Le Cercles des Économistes, Médiapart, AOC…
  • 30+ op-eds and articles, shaping public discourse.

🎙️ Featured Interview: Pauline Rossi discusses economic inequalities in Le Cercle des Économistes. Listen here.

CREST celebrates a year of remarkable achievements and meaningful contributions to research, society, and global conversations. From groundbreaking publications to prestigious awards and impactful events, our community has continued to push boundaries and inspire innovation.

Looking ahead to 2025, we remain committed to fostering interdisciplinary research, addressing societal challenges, and nurturing a collaborative environment for researchers and students.

Création d’un MOOC sur la finance durable avec Olivier-David Zerbib


Pour la première fois, l’Institut Louis Bachelier, l’Institut de la Finance Durable et le fond de dotation Horizon & Beyond s’associent dans la création d’un MOOC sur la finance durable.

Le MOOC de la finance durable répond à plusieurs problématiques actuelles, telles que les enjeux de financement de la transition en passant par les débats autour du Green Deal lors des récentes élections européennes. Il a pour vocation de couvrir l’ensemble de l’écosystème de la finance durable grâce à des présentations assurées par un panel d’intervenants de divers horizons. Ce cours s’adresse aussi bien aux étudiants qu’aux professionnels et décideurs politiques, afin de répondre à leurs attentes spécifiques.

Qu’est-ce que c’est ?

  • Un outil de formation en ligne gratuit et ouvert à tous avec l’ambition de devenir une référence sur le marché
  • Un projet élaboré à partir d’une base de connaissances fondée sur une approche scientifique
  • En partenariat avec Fondation Horizon & Beyond, l’Institut de Finance Durable, l’Institut Louis Bachelier, leurs membres et des représentants de masters spécialisés

Ce qu’il offre ?

  • Une référence au format média, indépendante, œcuménique et applicable
  • Un outil de référence pour la formation continue
  • Plusieurs niveaux d’expertise
  • Adapté à la formation initiale
  • Une composante de formation sur des sujets actuels et non stabilisés.

Quelques concepts clés que vous découvrirez dans ce MOOC !

  • Critères sociaux, environnementaux et de gouvernance
  • Double matérialité
  • Approches extra-financières
  • Taxonomie et réglementation
  • Produits financiers responsables

Création d’un MOOC sur la finance durable avec Olivier-David Zerbib


Pour la première fois, l’Institut Louis Bachelier, l’Institut de la Finance Durable et le fond de dotation Horizon & Beyond s’associent dans la création d’un MOOC sur la finance durable.

Le MOOC de la finance durable répond à plusieurs problématiques actuelles, telles que les enjeux de financement de la transition en passant par les débats autour du Green Deal lors des récentes élections européennes. Il a pour vocation de couvrir l’ensemble de l’écosystème de la finance durable grâce à des présentations assurées par un panel d’intervenants de divers horizons. Ce cours s’adresse aussi bien aux étudiants qu’aux professionnels et décideurs politiques, afin de répondre à leurs attentes spécifiques.

Qu’est-ce que c’est ?

  • Un outil de formation en ligne gratuit et ouvert à tous avec l’ambition de devenir une référence sur le marché
  • Un projet élaboré à partir d’une base de connaissances fondée sur une approche scientifique
  • En partenariat avec Fondation Horizon & Beyond, l’Institut de Finance Durable, l’Institut Louis Bachelier, leurs membres et des représentants de masters spécialisés

Ce qu’il offre ?

  • Une référence au format média, indépendante, œcuménique et applicable
  • Un outil de référence pour la formation continue
  • Plusieurs niveaux d’expertise
  • Adapté à la formation initiale
  • Une composante de formation sur des sujets actuels et non stabilisés.

Quelques concepts clés que vous découvrirez dans ce MOOC !

  • Critères sociaux, environnementaux et de gouvernance
  • Double matérialité
  • Approches extra-financières
  • Taxonomie et réglementation
  • Produits financiers responsables